Which Statement Is True Regarding a Baby Born With Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (Fas)?

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Fetal alcohol exposure occurs when a adult female drinks while pregnant. Alcohol can disrupt fetal evolution at any stage during a pregnancy—including at the earliest stages before a woman even knows she is pregnant.

Research shows that binge drinking and regular heavy drinking put a fetus at the greatest chance for severe problems.¹  (The National Found on Alcohol Corruption and Alcoholism defines rampage drinking as a blueprint of drinking alcohol that brings claret booze concentration [BAC] to 0.08 percent—or 0.08 grams of alcohol per deciliter—or higher. For a typical woman, this pattern of alcohol consumption corresponds to consuming 4 or more than drinks in about 2 hours. [NIAAA. (2007, Nov). Defining binge drinking. What Colleges Need to Know At present. Available at: https://www.collegedrinkingprevention.gov/media/1College_Bulletin-508_3….]) However, even bottom amounts can cause impairment.^2,3In fact, there is no known safe level of alcohol consumption during pregnancy.

Alcohol passes easily from a mother'due south bloodstream into her developing baby's blood. Alcohol present in a developing babe'due south bloodstream tin interfere with the evolution of the brain and other disquisitional organs, structures, and physiological systems.

Prenatal alcohol exposure is a leading preventable cause of birth defects and neurodevelopmental abnormalities in the United States. Information technology can cause a range of developmental, cognitive, and behavioral problems, which can appear at any time during childhood and last a lifetime.

The most profound effects of prenatal alcohol exposure are encephalon damage and the resulting impairments in behavioral and cognitive performance.

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders

Scientists ascertain a broad range of effects and symptoms caused past prenatal alcohol exposure under the umbrella term Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD).

The medical disorders collectively labeled FASD include the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies (IOM) diagnostic categories:⁴

• Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)

• Partial FAS (pFAS)

• Booze-Related Neurodevelopmental Disorder (ARND)

• Alcohol-Related Nativity Defects (ARBD)

In addition to the IOM medical diagnoses, the latest edition of theDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders(DSM–five) includes the psychiatric diagnosis, Neurobehavioral Disorder Associated with Prenatal Alcohol Exposure (ND-PAE).^v People who run across criteria for an FASD diagnosis co-ordinate to the IOM may also run into criteria for ND-PAE.

The essential features common to the IOM medical diagnoses and the DSM–five psychiatric diagnosis are prenatal alcohol exposure and fundamental nervous system (CNS) involvement.

Prove of CNS interest tin be structural (e.1000., small brain size, alterations in specific brain regions) or functional (e.thou., cognitive and behavioral deficits, motor and coordination problems). Avant-garde imaging studies accept revealed differences in brain construction and activeness that are consistent with data from neuropsychological testing, including deficits in sensory processing, cognition, and behavior in persons with FASD compared to people without FASD.⁶

FASD-Related Problems

Each individual with FASD experiences a unique combination of 24-hour interval-to-day challenges that may include medical, behavioral, educational, and social problems. People with FASD may have difficulty in the following areas:⁷

• Learning and remembering

• Understanding and following directions

• Shifting attention

• Controlling emotions and impulsivity

• Communicating and socializing

• Performing daily life skills, including feeding, bathing, counting money, telling time, and minding personal rubber

FASD-related brain damage makes it difficult to address routine life situations. It causes people to make bad decisions, repeat the aforementioned mistakes, trust the wrong people, and take difficulty understanding the consequences of their actions.

FASD cases are seriously under-diagnosed. FASD can be difficult for practitioners to distinguish from other developmental disorders since these disorders share certain learning and behavioral problems.

In addition, people with FASD are more than likely to suffer from the following mental health disorders:^viii

• Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

• Depression and anxiety

• Bug with hyperactivity, bear, and impulse control

• Increased incidence of booze and other substance utilise disorders

Primal Statistics for the United States—Maternal Drinking

• About 20 to thirty pct of women have reported drinking at some point during pregnancy—nearly typically during the first trimester.¹²

• More than 8 percent of women have reported rampage drinking at some time during pregnancy—almost typically during the starting time trimester.¹²

• Near x percentage of meaning women reported drinking alcohol in the previous month.¹³

• Virtually five percent of pregnant women reported binge drinking in the previous month (four or more drinks per occasion).^xiii

Relevant Clinical Diagnoses

IOM Diagnoses

Epitome

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) was the first course of FASD discovered and is the most well-known. Heavy alcohol use during the commencement trimester of pregnancy tin can disrupt normal development of the face and the brain. In fact, exposure at any point during gestation may affect brain development. An FAS diagnosis requires:

• Evidence of prenatal alcohol exposure

• Evidence of central nervous system (CNS) abnormalities (structural or functional)

• A specific design of three facial abnormalities: narrow center openings, a smoothen surface area betwixt the lip and the nose (vs. the normal ridge), and a thin upper lip

• Growth deficits either prenatally, later birth, or both

Partial FAS (pFAS)

Partial FAS (pFAS) involves prenatal alcohol exposure, and includes some, only non all, of the characteristics of full FAS.

Alcohol-Related Neurodevelopmental Disorder (ARND)

A diagnosis of Alcohol-Related Neurodevelopmental Disorder (ARND) requires evidence of both prenatal alcohol exposure and CNS abnormalities, which may be structural or functional. Functional abnormalities may involve a circuitous pattern of cognitive or behavioral issues that are not consistent with developmental level, and that cannot be explained by factors other than prenatal alcohol exposure (e.g., family background, environment, and other toxicities). Facial abnormalities and growth retardation need not be present.

Alcohol-Related Nascency Defects (ARBD)

This disorder includes medical conditions linked to prenatal booze exposure such equally: centre, kidney, and os issues and other malformations; difficulty seeing and hearing; and reduced immune function. Alcohol-Related Nascency Defects (ARBD) is rarely seen lone simply rather as a secondary disorder accompanying other FASD conditions (due east.g., FAS and ARBD).

DSM–5 Diagnosis

Neurobehavioral Disorder Associated with Prenatal Alcohol Exposure (ND-PAE)

Neurobehavioral Disorder Associated with Prenatal Alcohol Exposure (ND-PAE) is a new psychiatric diagnosis in the DSM–5. It requires testify of both prenatal alcohol exposure and CNS involvement, as indicated by impairments in the following iii areas: cognition, self-regulation, and adaptive performance. This new diagnosis for apply by mental health professionals will ameliorate understanding of the multifaceted behavioral deficits seen in some people exposed to alcohol prenatally, and facilitate improved diagnosis and treatment of these individuals.

Risk Factors⁹

The severity of booze's furnishings on a fetus primarily depends on the post-obit:

• Quantity—how much a pregnant woman drinks per occasion

• Frequency—how frequently a pregnant woman drinks

• Timing—in what stage of pregnancy a woman drinks and if she drinks heavily but as the fetus develops a detail characteristic or brain region

Other factors tin can also play a role in how prenatal alcohol exposure affects children. These include:​

Prototype

Maternal Characteristics

Enquiry demonstrates that children may be more affected by prenatal alcohol exposure if their mothers:

• Have poor nutrition

• Have had multiple pregnancies and births

• Have lower-than-average weight, superlative, and trunk mass alphabetize (BMI)

• Fume

• Are older

• Are a member of a family of heavy drinkers

Ecology Factors

Enquiry demonstrates that children tin can be more affected by prenatal booze exposure if their mothers feel adverse-living atmospheric condition and high levels of stress. These may include: social isolation, living in circumstances where alcohol misuse is common and accustomed, and living in a customs where resources for prenatal intendance are express.

Genetics

The extent of FASD symptoms may depend on the female parent's genetic makeup, her child'south genetic makeup, and changes in gene action caused past prenatal booze exposure.

Interventions

Researchers and clinicians have developed constructive learning and behavioral interventions to help people with FASD. For example, school-based interventions can help children with FASD learn more hands. School-based interventions may include specialized education strategies that provide a consistent routine and allow children to practice new skills over and once more.^ten Other promising interventions include:

• Family support groups and classes to aid parents better care for a child with FASD.¹⁰

• Nutritional supplements for pregnant women and postnatal supplements for their children.^eleven

• Behavioral interventions for affected children, including training in social skills, problem solving, and personal safety.^ten

For more information, delight visit: https://world wide web.niaaa.nih.gov.

¹ Maier, S.E., and Due west, J.R. Drinking patterns and alcohol-related nascency defects.Booze Enquiry and Health25(3):168–169, 2001.

^two Hamilton, D.A., Barto, D., Rodriguez, C.I., Magcalas, C.M., Fink, B.C., Rice, J.P., Bird, C.West., Davies, Southward., and Savage, D.D. Effects of moderate prenatal alcohol exposure and age on social behavior, spatial response perseveration errors and motor behavior.Behavioral Brain Research269: 44–54, 2014.

ⁱⁱⁱ Day N.L., Helsel, A., Sonon, K., and Goldschmidt, L. The association betwixt prenatal alcohol exposure and behavior at 22 years of historic period.Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 37(7):1171–1178, 2013.

^four Stratton, K., Howe, C., and Battaglia, F. (eds.)Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Diagnosis, Epidemiology, Prevention, and Treatment. The Constitute of Medicine Report. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1996.

⁵ American Psychiatric Association.Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (pp. 86, 798–801). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Clan, 2013.

⁶ Moore, Eastward.M., Migliorini, R., Infante, Thousand.A., and Riley, E.P. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: Recent neuroimaging findings.Current Developmental Disorders Reports1(3):161–172, 2014.

^vii Mattson, S. North., Crocker, Northward., and Nguyen, T.T. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: Neuropsychological and behavioral features.Neuropsychology Review21(ii):81–100, 2011.

⁸ O'Connor, 1000.J. Mental health outcomes associated with prenatal alcohol exposure: Genetic and environmental factors.Current Developmental Disorders Reportsane(3):181–188, 2014.

⁹ May, P.A., and Gossage, J.P. Maternal take a chance factors for fetal alcohol spectrum disorders.Alcohol Inquiry & Health 34(1):16–23, 2011.

^x Paley, B., and O'Connor, M.J. Intervention for individuals with fetal booze spectrum disorders: Handling approaches and case direction.Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews xv:258–267, 2009.

^xi Warren, Thou.R.; Hewitt, B.G.; and Thomas, J.D. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: Enquiry challenges and opportunities.Alcohol Inquiry & Health34(1):4–14, 2011.

¹² Ethen, One thousand.G., Ramadhani, T.A., Scheuerle, A.E., Canfield, One thousand.A., Wyszynski, D.F., Druschel, C.M., and Romitti, P.A., National Nascence Defects Prevention Report. Booze consumption past women before and during pregnancy.Maternal and Child Health Journal 13(2):274–285, 2009.

¹³ Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). Table half dozen.20B—Alcohol Use, Binge Alcohol Use, and Heavy Alcohol Use in Past Month among Females Aged 15 to 44, by Pregnancy Status, Demographic, Socioeconomic, and Pregnancy Characteristics: Percentages, 2018 and 2019. Available at: https://world wide web.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/cbhsq-reports/NSDUHDetailedTabs2018R2/NSDUHDetTabsSect6pe2018.htm#tab6-20b. Accessed 9/25/20.

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Source: https://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/brochures-and-fact-sheets/fetal-alcohol-exposure