Read the Following Passage From Babylon M Delighted Marion Said Vehemently No
COMPOSITION EXERCISES
Exercise ane.Complete the sentences in the following passage by referring to the original words.
The Counsel for the defense force then began to cross-examine the witness. He asked her ... (1), and when she replied ... (2) he said ... (3) and asked ... (4). The witness asked ... (5) and after a minute or two said rather hesitantly ... (6). The Counsel proceeded to ask ... (seven) and she answered ... (viii). The Counsel was pleased with this answer, for he declared ... (9) and then asked her father ... (10). He told the Court... (11) and was and then asked ... (12).
The original words are:
1. "How long have y'all known the defendant?" ii. "For about two years." 3. "I want y'all to be more verbal." 4. "Tin can't y'all recollect when yous first
Practise two. Complete the following passage with the help of the key words and phrases provided. Pay attending to the use of the manufactures.
William and Marjory, with their two immature children, went for a picnic on a lone beach. They locked their car and left it on the nearest route. The children had a wonderful fourth dimension swimming and edifice sandcastles. At sunset, when they wanted to go home, William couldn't find the key to his auto. He soon realized that it must have dropped out of his trousers pocket, and was at present buried in the sand on the embankment. The whole family searched for information technology, but in vain.
Walked three miles in dark, bus stop; tired; waited, omnibus; home, midnight; next morning William collect the car, another key.
Lesson xi
Spelling: Homophones (Revision)
Exercise ane. Supervene upon the italicized words with suitable words from the following list: bough, bare, conduct, current, bury, fare, coarse.
1. A powerfulyfow carried the boat away. 2. The dew wetted her shoes and chilled her uncovered shoulders. 3. He got out apace, trying to remember of something to say that would make him seem less harsh, but the car had gone before he could speak. 4. Betwixt the hamlet and the treeless colina in that location is a natural avenue of bushes and trees. 5. He leaned across the bed and hid his face in her pilus. six. "We are merely given what we are able to stand," Miss Tennison corrected him. 7. Bread was their main food — they could non afford meat. viii. Greenish oak branches were nailed over the fronts of many buildings.
Exercise ii. Copy and translate the following sentences:
1. This was the abode of Henry Jekyll'due south favourite; of a man who was heir to a quarter of a 1000000 sterling. 2. The bird was away. In the air it was nix but a pair of wings. 3. Her caput was bare. Her black hair was parted in the center and twisted into a bun at the nape of her
neck. iv. A adult female reached her blank arm out of the window to the parrot and gave him a ripe banana. v. Dogs sometimes produce five or six young at a birth. 6. Sitting on the far side of the fire she marvelled at the beauty and significance of these legendary dances done on the vast plains, under blue, star-scattered skies. vii. The current of air blew fresh again as it grew late. 8. The beech is a forest tree, ethnic to Europe and Western asia, having fine thin smooth bawl and oval glossy leaves. nine. The ocean formed millions of delicate shells and then crushed them into beaches. ten. He laid them on the table — bread and butter, cakes, pies, pickles, a roasted chicken, a bottle of milk and 1 of hot tea.
11. A child ran beyond the road and the driver put on the brake suddenly.
12. Dave waited grinning until the formalities had run their grade.
xiii. She stopped, and peered, non seeing me, simply circumspect and withal as a
deer. 14. In September we began our course as students and saw a great
deal of each other. 15. I feel of what fibroid metal you are moulded.
16. And after the cab was lost sight of, the wind still brought to us the
dying sound of the ho-hum wheels. 17. The crowds were still thick, though
it was away from the centre of the fair. eighteen. Jane was standing waiting
for him on the lower path on Lord's day, the wind in her fair hair, her eyes
debark. nineteen. Above the hedges could be seen the confusion of blooming
flowers, ... an apple or plum or crimson tree in full blossom. 20. The
flour obtained from oats is by and large termed oatmeal. 21. The peasants
were short of flour all the time, especially in winter, and that horrid
wintertime they had nearly no flour at all. 22. She looked different somehow,
more excitingly bonny in her fur glaze with a fur toque perched on
her night hair. 23.1 have never seen hair of that colour in my life. It
looks — well, it looks dyed to me. 24. He went to the horse'south head, and
tied the reins loosely to a rail where once the passengers had stood in
line earlier boarding the bus. 25. He took the country, divided information technology up, and
offered it as sites for a new row of shops. 26. They came on without a
word, running quietly in their deer moccasins.
A PASSAGE FOR DICTATION
Always, from the very first sight of it, she hated the cottage. She hated the patently square red-brick box, its blue roof, the defoliation of currant bushes, falling fences and apple tree-trees effectually it.
She hated too the long drive out of town to what her husband fondly called the simple life. As the big motorway gave way to narrower country lanes and and then to the flat, almost bare spaces of marshland and finally to a gated rail across the fields crossed past countless streams bordered with brown reeds, she institute herself imprisoned past anger.
Higher up all she hated the voice of her husband, "By God, you can fairly taste the sea in that air." The air, winter and summertime, e'er seemed to her like ice. "I tell yous one time and for all, my honey, this is the last time I come to this rotten pigsty. I'm not used to pails in the yard. Go along your
She woke at midday next day to an astonishing sight: deep late March snow. It lay smoothen and as much blue equally white in the strong March sun. She stood and stared at information technology from the bedroom window. From outside she heard the sound of voices. She looked downwards and saw on the garden path her husband and with him a dark-haired boy of seventeen or so. Wearing her fur coat over her nightgown against the cold she went downstairs. She stood in that location for some moments staring and listening, eyes dazzled by the sun, neither seeing nor hearing a matter.
(adjusted from The Four Beauties by H. Eastward. Bates)
A Text for Reproduction
A TRAGEDY IN THE AIR
The plane had taken off from the air-field in London, and the journey to South Africa, to Johannesburg to be verbal, had started.
Information technology was just later the war, and it was not a jet, as is the case nowadays, but it was a big plane with four engines, and four propellers, of course.
When a few minutes later we were crossing the Aqueduct, one of the engines went wrong, but the stewardess (a smashing blonde) said there were three engines left and the passengers were quite safety.
However, when the plane reached the Mediterranean Bounding main, the second engine broke down, but the stewardess told us in that location was nothing to worry virtually because two engines were quite enough to continue united states in the air.
As nosotros got near to the shores of Africa, the rumour spread that only one propeller was working. The stewardess kept her mouth shut this fourth dimension, just nosotros came to the conclusion the aeroplane must have developed engine trouble and so it had.
Before long we were flying over the jungle in Central Africa and my fellow travellers were terribly upset. Women were holding their children tighter and tighter and men were drinking more and more than heavily... In that location was as well a parson there who was saying a prayer in a loud voice. I too was terribly frustrated, and as I looked down at the bush-league, I could not help thinking of cannibalism, death and other "pleasant" things...
At that moment, the loud-speaker was switched on, and the captain's voice was heard: "Ladies and gentlemen, I have tragic news for you."
The faces of all the passengers turned pale. Some burst into tears, and the prayer stifled in the parson'south mouth. My middle sank into my boots...
The captain continued in a gloomy voice:
— Information technology is my sad duty to inform you that England has lost her final football match confronting Scotland!
(from Shaggy Canis familiaris English past T. Godziszewski)
Limerick Practice. Consummate the sentences in the following passage:
Some time ago I applied for the post of individual secretary to the manager of a edifice company, and last Thursday I went for an interview. When I was shown into the managing director'due south office he told ... and asked me ... .ane told him that..., but.... And so he asked me ... and I told him ... .He wanted to know ..., and I replied that.... He gave me a test and then said .... I thanked him and asked ... .He replied that..., and I promised ....
Lesson 12
Spelling: Silent Consonants
Exercise one. Await upwardly the pronunciation and meaning of the post-obit words:
(a) with silent b:
debt, bomb, limb, doubt, lamb, subtle, climb, crumb, thumb, dumb, tomb;
(b) with silent c:
scent, scissors, excellent, scene, excite, scientific discipline, except, fascinate;
(c) with silent g:
strange, resign, gnarled, feign, gnat, gnash, sign, gnaw, reign, design, gnome.
Exercise two. Insert the advisable word with silent b or 1000 from Practice 1.
1. The building was of a modernistic ... but inside it was panelled with carved oak. ii. The only way to deceive him is to ... a eye attack and ask him to call for an ambulance. iii. His fingers are all.... 4. The advertisement was foreign: they read it time and once again. Even so there was no ... about its meaning. 5.1 owe him a ... of gratitude for the bags favours he has washed me. 6. All the ... and doubtfulness made her experience miserable and unhappy. 7. The boy was ... from nascency simply didn't suffer considering of it, equally he never realized what he lacked. eight. Bread ... were always scattered nether the kitchen window and birds used to feast in that location. 9. The canis familiaris ... the os, and it was more delicious than anything he had ever tasted. ten. Then, above that boiling silence, there came a nagging song like the song of a ... . 11. The boys were certain the treasure was under the ... old oak. 12. He ... his teeth in pain but no moan escaped his lips. thirteen. We had to ... ourselves to doing without the most necessary things. 14. The epitaph on the ... stone was solemn and beautiful. 15. ... are imaginary dwarfs living under the footing and guarding treasures.
1. On that 24-hour interval, August vi, 1945, the commencement atomic flop was dropped on Hiroshima. two. Dumb terror made him drop the hammer and rush out. 3. The end came ane morn afterward a calendar month of illness, during which silence reigned in the house and all the family went about on tiptoe. four. In mail service-war England foreigners who showed their passports could have appurtenances sent domicile at a much lower price. 5. John was fascinated past the hypnotic temper. 6. At the station they saw no ane except porters and a villager or 2 unknown to them. 7. Give me a comb and scissors and I'll make of you the near stylish adult female in St Axle. 8.ane am a very bad scientist. I volition practise anything to make a human being experience better even if it is unscientific. No scientist worthy of the name could say such a thing. nine. A stout man in a reddish sweater came out and signed the book for the driver. 10. He was sure of seeing unique and astonishing scenes. eleven. When people get very irksome and are well-nigh ready to kill themselves for dullness, their doctors advise them to take a alter of scenery, and a change of visitor. 12. He got so excited over the idea that he thought he should go at in one case. xiii. Then he went to his military camp and filled his lid with cake-crumbs to feed the little birds. 14.1 am very much indebted to him and this indebtedness is a burden to me. 15. The news of this strange spousal relationship dumbfounded him; he couldn't even answer to it. 16. The subtle fragrance of roses penetrates into the room through the open window. 17. He would have been unfeignedly lamentable to meet his respected friend duped and deceived. xviii.1 tin can see that you lot are tired of the organisation and of me and I had better, therefore, resign. xix. The centre of the identify was a huge white edifice, modernist in blueprint, flat-roofed.
Practise iv. Leam the post-obit words with silent gh. Use them in sentences of your ain.
sight, fight, might, tight, counterbalance, weight, high, summit, neighbour, nightingale, thorough, through, naughty, slaughter, plough, bender, directly.
Exercise 5. Fill in the blanks with the words below in the proper form: weigh, weight, neighbour, loftier, superlative, thorough, directly.
1. He was not and then big, — he ... merely ane hundred and forty pounds.
ii. When the storm was at its ... the ship cracked in the raging waves.
three. Only a ... analysis of the results disclosed the secret of the phenomenon.
four. He was a heavy- ... champion and gave spectacular performances of
physical strength. 5. The door of his ..., who lives downstairs, is shut like
an angry face. half dozen. His legs in ... boots supported his bulky trunk like
columns. 7. His ... reply left no room for doubt. 8. He was ever very ...
in his observations; non a single particular escaped his attention. 9. It was a
consideration that carried great... with me.
Exercise six. Expect upwards the pronunciation and meaning of the following words with silent A in a lexicon:
heir, heiress, honour, ghost, exhibit, exhaust, rhythm, vehicle, vehement, prohibition, forehead, whisper, whistle, whale, wheel, ghastly, aghast.
Exercise 7. Re-create and translate the sentences.
1. The man next to me was a ploughman who had never been to London and was well-nigh anxious to see St Paul's. 2. A sigh of relief escaped her lips when she saw that her letter hadn't been posted. 3. This American car was indeed the finest vehicle that had e'er appeared in the village. 4. Whenever they came he would speak with great vehemence about the misery acquired past idle and lazy habits. 5. The trees are thinned on both sides and amidst them picnic tables and pavilions show their directly edges. vi. The Nightingale and the Rose is not just a fairy-tale; it is a hymn of true love and cede. 7. The roof was rotten right through and was unlikely to bear them, then they had to find other means of escape. 8. The circus was minor and its near successful act was a tight-rope walk. 9. The nearly thorough investigation of the case brought no results. 10. Darkness had set up in; it was a depression neighbourhood; no help was near; resistance was useless. 11. Aubrey said that if I posed before the Titian information technology would be wonderful publicity for the exhibition. 12. He looked upon the war as a ghastly cataclysm, or a more than ghastly offense. 13. It was exhausting work, carried on, 60 minutes after hour, at tiptop speed. 14. Aunt Laura wasn't what yous'd telephone call comfortably off, but she was an heiress. 15.1 never idea that prohibition could exist whatever good — persuasion was my weapon. sixteen. The whale-boat we met on our mode back helped us with h2o. 17. Not a thought crossed her high calm forehead.
A Text for Reproduction
THE POSTMAN
We did not similar our postman, Mr Evans, very much. Fifty-fifty my mother had something to say virtually him. "He's the only postman I've ever known," she said, "who doesn't say good forenoon or skilful afternoon to y'all."
But he spoke to usa — Beak, Tom and me. He lived on the corner at the end of our street, and he was always shouting at usa, telling us non to lean against his fence.
I afternoon Beak told us that he had seen Evans boot his domestic dog, Rusty, while he was delivering letters. We decided information technology was time to practise something about him. "Let's make a slide for him," I said.
It had snowed the previous twenty-four hours, so we could brand a slide by stamping at the snow till it was hard. When we had finished, information technology was like a sheet of glass and information technology was merely outside Evans' business firm. Nosotros leant against his contend, and
"Hey, y'all," he shouted, "go off my fence!"
He reached the slide withal waving his artillery and shouting. Then his feet shot upward; and he lay on his back on the pavement, his bag with messages falling on height of him. "Ow!" he said, getting up slowly. "I've broken my arm." We took him to the dr.'s house, round the corner. Bill carried his post bag, and I knocked on the doctor's door for him. Then we waited for him, hoping his arm was not really broken. When he came out at concluding, his arm was bandaged, and in a sling round his neck.
"I won't be able to do my work," he said. "I'll lose my job. They'll get someone else to do the postal service."
Bill and Tom and I looked at each other. It was our fault. "We'll assist you, Mr Evans," I said.
At first it was quite exciting — helping our postman. We got upward at vi in the morning, and met Evans at the first corner of his circular. Nosotros carried his Post purse, and knocked on the doors, and helped him finish the delivery before we ran off to school. Then in the afternoon we met him again, to help with the 2nd round. But after a few days getting up at vi did not seeiji Such a gOOCi idea ц was our fault that his arm was cleaved, and we had discovered that, after all, he wasn't such a bad old man. But six o'clock 1S very early.
One solar day Tom stopped coming. It was raining that morning, and when we Saw him at school, he said something about his mother not being well. Bill and I could have found some excuse too, to end helping. But at the terminate of that week Evans gave us ten shillings each. "If you are working," he said, you lot accept to get paid." After that all of u.s.a. wanted to piece of work with Mr Evans. But withal Evans' arm seemed to exist taking a very long time to become ameliorate.
"It's a little better," he used to say when we asked, "but the doctor says 1 mustn't use information technology yet."
}t was weeks afterward, in April, that we met the medico. Nosotros were just delivering his letters when he opened the front door and came out. He looked at us in surprise. "Hallo," he said. And then he saw Evans' arm. "What's this?" ne said hitting the bad arm. "What are the bandages for? I told yous to exercise equally much work with this arm as possible!"
He walked off talking to himself. We looked at Evans.
"All right," said Evans. "You are not angry, are you? It's just that a postman'southward task is a very lone one. It'due south nicer to have someone to talk to."
(from Mozaikd)
Limerick EXERCISE. Consummate the following passage using the key words and phrases. Pay attention to the utilise of manufactures.
John was cycling along an empty road when he heard a loud noise in the sky. He looked up and saw a squadron of jet fighter shipping flying in
germination. He was then interested that he forgot to look where he was going, and his bike ran off the road into a ditch.
Forepart bike bent; too heavy to deport; far from any houses; stopped a passing car, went to his uncle'due south; his cousin, a driver, brought the bicycle, telephoned John'due south parents, helped John; spent the night in the country; in the forenoon, domicile.
Lesson 13
Spelling: Silent Consonants (Continued)
Exercise 1. Read and translate the following words with:
(a) silent k:
knock, knob, knuckle, knowledge, knee, knead, knit, kneel, knife, knot, knapsack, knight;
(b) silent p:
receipt, psychology, raspberry, pneumatic, pseudonym, cupboard, pneumonia, psalm.
Exercise 2. Fill in the blanks with words from the list:
knit(ting), kneeling, knelt, knocked, knot, knife, kneading.
1. The 2 families are ... together by common interests. ii. He ... to pick up his chapeau. three. The ship had been badly ... near by the storm. 4.ane found her ... at her female parent'due south bed. 5. She took the ... from the drawer and chop-chop cut the loaf. 6. Our melt said that she hated ... dough. vii. The former woman had an unpleasant habit of scratching her head with a ... needle. 8. People were standing about in ... waiting for news.
Exercise 3. Copy and interpret the post-obit sentences:
1.i had to help him into the boat, for he had brought back his gun and a knapsack heavy with provisions. 2. He deliberately opened his clasp-knife, which he drew from his pocket. 3. The give-and-take "lady" originally meant 'bread-kneader' and "lord" — 'staff of life-guarder'. 4. The water was only knee-deep and there was no difficulty in crossing the stream. v. The woman knelt before the crucifix. 6. A knight wandering in search of gamble is a knight-errant. 7. The long evenings earlier his return were spent in reading, knitting and silent expectation. 8. It is difficult to knit together lives which have fallen and so widely apart. ix. The sergeant examined
10. They made knots in the rope so that it would be easier to climb.
xi. We walked upwards the path to the front door and knocked, but there was
no respond. 12. He wears a knitted cap pulled well downwards over his ears.
13. She wandered into the fruit-garden, among the raspberry and currant
bushes, without any wish to choice and eat. 14. What divergence did it make
whether she had died of pneumonia or non? 15. Psychologically, information technology is
actually easier to persuade people to give their money than to lend it,
strange as this may seem. 16. All his friends knew he was in the habit of
going to a psychiatrist now and then. 17. Below the wardrobe was a gas
stove, and abreast the bed was a wooden food cupboard, with a pocket-size
portable radio on it. 18. With the invention of pneumatic tools many
problems of engineering science were solved. 19. He thought that past signing this
work with a pseudonym he could mislead the reading public. 20. All
parents need some knowledge of psychology.
Exercise 4. Acquire the following words with silent l,north,s:
one-half, calf, palm, alms, folk, talk, walk, stalk, almond, chalk, colonel, island, isle, alley, autumn, solemn, condemn, damn, hymn, column.
Practise 5. Copy and interpret the following sentences:
1. Smith meant to exist calm, but equally they went along Queen Street the perspiration began to break out on the back of his neck and the palms of his hands. ii. When they rode out in the morn they passed cattle, rusty young bullocks with great horns, and a few cows and calves. 3. The doctor didn't transport for me and information technology chanced that I did not become to that part of the island for a long time. 4. The hall was busy with precious stones, the roof was supported by columns of gold. five. She wasn't a person who would solemnly write down a lie when she knew she was dying. 6. She was guilty of a misdeed which he felt unable to condemn. vii. Autumn in Petrograd is mostly cold and rainy because of the constant northerly winds. 8. Half the doctors in town visited him and prescribed medicine for him enough to cure the whole infirmary. 9. A group of folk dancers came to the town and performed in the town hall. ten. The slice of almond cake fell from my easily, every bit I sabbatum stupefied. 11. She knew that it was her fate to while away the rest of her life in an alms-house. 12. They swore a solemn oath never to part, and to share all their joys and troubles. xiii.1 tried not to condemn anybody lest I should be condemned myself. 14. You shall do it, or I'll be damned! 15. The villa was surrounded with palm-trees and the view from the window was marvellous.
Exercise six. Memorize the following words with silent t:
fasten, wrestle, nestle, listen, whistlejostle, hasten, thistle, Christmas, castle, bristle, postpone, bustle, rustle.
Exercise 7. Copy the sentences, opening the brackets. Translate the sentences.
ane. The child (устроился) close to Alice. ii. The (замок) had been built in the year 1405 and there was still much of the original structure standing. iii.1 heard а (шелест) in the grass behind me and, turning sharply, saw Dina Bond picking her way toward me. iv.1 stared into the darkness, the hairs on the nape of my cervix (встали дыбом, поднялись). five. Then she again heard the sounds of (суета). 6. Y'all took v iron hoops, and fixed them upwardly over the boat, and so stretched the sheet over them, and (закрепили) it down: it would take quite ten minutes, nosotros thought. seven. They (подталкивали) one another out in turns. viii. The scrap floated on the air, carrying the seed of the (чертополох). 9.1 awoke to the sounds of (суматоха), for the servants were all upwardly and downward to set up pies, game and poultry. ten. The project had to be (отложен). 11. George unrolled the canvas and (прикрепил) ane end over the nose of the boat. 12. Miss Deila (поспешила) immediately to her sister's room; and I withdrew to my studio to decorated myself with drawings.
Lesson fourteen
Spelling: Silent Consonants (Continued)
Exercise 1. Note the following words with silent due west. Look the unknown words up in a dictionary:
wreck, wrath, wry, wretch, wrestle, wrap, wriggle,playwright, wrong, respond, wrinkle, wrist, overwrought, wreath, sword, wretched, wring, wholesome.
Practise 2. Insert the appropriate word from the following:
wrap, wrath, wretchedly), wrist{southward), wrinkled, wry, incorrect.
i. Soon began the service which the ... outcasts had to suffer as the cost of their lodging. ii. In that location he lay for the remainder of the weary night, nursing his ... and his wounded pride. 3. "You might... upward the appurtenances before yous evangelize them," the stranger said gruffly. iv. Oscar stared ... at the page. 5. Mr Everad'southward forehead ... with the effort and he turned a worried face towards Miss Carter. vi. Tim came to Morley, took him by the ..., and turning him about began to pb him quickly back the manner he had come. 7. Henry turned to me with a ... smile. eight. Max was now full of... and resentment confronting them. 9. She'd been walking around patting the baby until her ... and ankles hurt. ten. She looked at my ... face with a vivid gratitude.
i. Some streets were sinking in luxury; others, he knew, were wretched and poverty stricken. 2. The girl threw herself into a chair and wrung her hands, but made no reply. 3. Young boys, she told George, were wrapped up in their own lives. four.1 understand her generous anxiety, poor girl, later she has innocently wronged him. 5. He was sitting in the chair when a tall adult female with beautiful gray hair and silvery, finely-wrinkled skin came in. six.one was as awkward and shy with her as if I had been a lad in my teens. 7. You lot have relieved me of indescribable wretchedness, you accept given me a new life. viii. This didn't seem to promise to the playwright material for an interesting play in the last human activity. 9. He could practice this if he really wanted to wreck people's holiday. 10. The President has asked me to exist his personal representative at the ceremony tomorrow, to cast a wreath on the ocean. eleven. My roommate woke up and complained most the noise of the typewriter. 12. He feels at dwelling house in public places; he rests his wrists on the cold marble and orders a vanilla ice-cream soda. 13. "We are both too overwrought," he said. "We will speak of this once again tomorrow." 14. And later on all this, some wretched modern Americans were to come up and offer him their goods. 15. Paola gave a contemptuous wrench of her shoulders. 16. The just person he knows hither is Peggy with her lilliputian male child wriggling abreast her.
Exercise 4. Copy the sentences opening the brackets. Interpret the sentences.
1. This, she felt, was (исключительно) good for him. 2. This (венок) I bring is a gift from the people of one country to the people of another. 3. He threw up his chances, left my part and went off with а (вещевой мешок) to study (зарубежный) architecture. 4. He had just put one of the suitcases abroad when а (стук) on the door was heard. 5. The snake fleck Mr Turner'due south left leg 3 times and fell downwardly completely (обессиленная). six. He was of medium (рост), of a rather spare built, with a (высокий) (лоб), (слегка) inclined to alopecia, (блестящий), liquid-blue eyes, an eagle olfactory organ and thin, firm, even lips. 7. The board were sitting with а (торжественный) air when Mr Crackle rushed into the room in dandy (возбуждение). 8. Nonetheless, it was an (всепоглощающее) feeling, and they couldn't resist it. 9. A burn was soon blazing past the hut; its blood-red flames (освещали) (высокие) walls of ice stretching far in both directions. 10. The sober and (здоровый) way of life of the early Romans had given them vigorous minds in vigorous bodies. eleven. Don't try to (вывернуться) out. You are looking guilty. You are blushing. 12. (Морщины) should indicate only where smiles accept been. 13. She was a friendly old soul, and the (вид) of her sorrowful face made me desire to cry. fourteen. It was with а (вздох) of relief that he saw at concluding the walls of the ancient Chinese city.
A Text for Reproduction
THE PRINCE OF WALES
Edward I had conquered Wales. The two great Welsh leaders, Llewellyn and his brother David, had been killed. But the Welsh people, though they were beaten, were rebellious. They had no great leader, simply at that place was a number of chieftains — most of whom were jealous of ane another — and at last three or iv of these chieftains came to run across Edward, who, with his married woman Eleanor, was staying at Caernarvon Castle, to tell him their complaints.
They wanted, they said, to be ruled not by an English language king, but by a Prince of Wales, born in Wales, of royal blood, and not speaking English language or French. They wanted a prince whose life was skilful, and who had not wronged any human being — though, attributable to their jealousy of 1 another, they couldn't concord who this prince should be. Well, they were certainly request a lot, but Edward, afterward a footling thought, told them to ask all the chiefs and their followers to come to Caernarvon Castle in a week's fourth dimension and he would requite them what they had asked, a Prince of Wales who fulfilled all their weather.
So the side by side calendar week the great square outside the castle was crowded with excited people, all wondering which of their chieftains Edward had chosen. English language soldiers tried to go along the crowd back. One of the Welshmen pushed an English soldier.
— You lot won't be here long, — he said.
— What exercise you lot hateful? — asked the soldier.
— When we go our Welsh prince y'all English language soldiers will all be sent
dorsum to England.
But the soldier seemed pleased with the prospect. He said he was tired of the sight of Welsh mountains and the pelting and fog.
Meanwhile the chieftains wondered who the new ruler was to be.
— Of course, you know my mother was a distant relative of the
Llewellyns', — one of them said.
— Yeah, very distant, about as distant as mine to King Arthur. But it'southward a
pity you took all that trouble to learn English language. Edward said he would choose
a prince who spoke no English. Welsh was always good plenty for me, —
answered another.
— If you think I'd ever concur to having either of y'all for my prince,
you are very much mistaken. I have ii,000 men. In one case the English go, there
is no one in Wales who would be stronger than I, — said the third chieftain.
— But Edward said the prince would have wronged no man. I haven't
forgotten these fifty sheep of mine that you stole. I'll non have a thief for a
prince over me.
The chieftains were ready to quarrel, but at that moment Edward stepped on to the balustrade in front of the Castle. Behind him a knight advisedly carried Edward'south shield. On the shield lay a bundle covered with
— Chieftains and people of Wales, you have asked for a prince and I
have promised yous ane to rule over you, of royal nascence.
— Yes, yes, — they cried in return.
— Born in Wales?
— Aye, yes!
— And not able to speak a word of English?
— Yeah, yes!
— And one, moreover, of blameless life, one who has wronged no
man by word or human activity in all his life. If I give you such a prince to rule over
yous, will you lot hope to exist ruled by him?
— We promise, — they answered readily.
— Hither is your prince, — the King said and turned to the knight behind,
lifted the coating and showed a small male child, — my son, a prince of royal
claret, born a week ago, in Caernarvon Castle; he speaks no word of English language
and he has wronged no man live. Edward, Prince of Wales!
The chiefs were angry and disappointed, just the Welsh people were pleased, and each principal consoled himself with the idea that, at whatsoever rate, no rival primary had been chosen. And from that twenty-four hour period to this, the eldest son of the King of England has always been the Prince of Wales.
(from Mozaika)
Chapter I Elements of Way
When assessing written work we commonly consider two aspects of it: what is said, and how it is said. It oft happens that the content is interesting enough, but the mode of expressing it is poor, and not because there are mistakes in spelling or grammar. The class may be poor even if grammer is all correct — in this instance we say that the manner is bad. The way is bad when the sentences are monotonous, the vocabulary poor, and the writing unimaginative. The fashion is bad, too, when the grade does not suit the subject of the composition. The same basic content can be expressed in different means or styles. Just equally a builder tin can use bricks and mortar to construct nearly anything from a shack to a castle, we apply the same raw material — English words and grammar — to express a wide variety of subjects in advisable style.
Varieties of English.A linguistic communication is non a unmarried homogeneous phenomenon but rather a complex of many dissimilar varieties, each of which is advisable to a certain type of situation. You must have noticed a vast departure between a passage from David Copperfield, a newspaper report, a text on linguistics and a recipe from a cookery volume. Yet all of them are written in the same language. Then what are the varieties of English?
In their Grammar of Contemporary English, R. Quirk and others, describe the following varieties:
According to medium: spoken and written.
According to subject field thing: the linguistic communication of technical and scientific clarification; the language of legal documents; the language of newspaper reporting, and some others.
According to attitude (of the speaker/author to the hearer/reader):
rigid normal familiar
or — formal — or — informal — or
very formal neutral very informal
The normal, or neutral, variety is the unmarked multifariousness, a kind of zero point of the scale, with formal, rigid, or fifty-fifty frozen on the i side, and breezy, familiar, intimate, etc., on the other. The neutral diversity bears no obvious attitudinal colouring, as in:
This student's work is now much ameliorate and seems probable to go on improving.
Now consider the following example:
"Afterwards my father died," Mr Elver explained, "my sister went to live with her godmother, who was the old lady at the big house in our parish. A nasty one-time adult female she was. Only she took to Grace. When the former bird died at the commencement of this year, Grace found she'd been left twenty five thousand."
In this passage the same person is referred to four times in unlike terms. "Godmother" and "quondam lady" (at the big house) are used formally to define the person's relation to the girl and her social status in the parish; "old adult female" is neutral; "onetime bird" is colloquial and bears a marked personal attitude of the speaker to the woman (compare with the previous: "A nasty erstwhile woman she was.").
The two following examples testify the difference betwixt the formal, neutral and informal mode of expressing the same thought:
1.1 accept our brochure here setting out our services. Were you lot thinking of interment or incineration? (formal) Pardon me? Buried or cremated? (neutral)
two. Overtime emoluments are not bachelor for employees who are non resident, (formal)
Staff who don't live in tin't go paid overtime, (breezy)
The first thing that strikes you almost these examples is the choice of words. The formal variety uses many bookish words, ofttimes of Latin or Greek origin.
The formal, every bit well equally the neutral, variety is always characterized past precise syntax, while the breezy multifariousness may comprise elliptical or unfinished sentences, contracted forms (Fd, Tm, can't, etc.), for example:
one. What's upward? Someone dice? Been having a tiff, is that information technology? (informal)
What has happened? Has someone died? Or accept you been having
a tiff? (neutral)
2. Anything in the coffin also the body? (informal)
Is there anything in the coffin besides the body? (neutral) It would hardly exist realistic to expect students to use all the varieties of English, but speaking of the written variety, they should master the neutral-formal variety appropriate for essays, summaries, reproductions, etc.; the
Neutral-formal written manner is characterized past the following features.
(a) Restrictions upon the vocabulary.Words and phrases labelled
colloquial, familiar, vulgar, slang are excluded equally inappropriate.
(b) Absence of abbreviations.Contracted verbal forms (Гт, we're,
he'd, etc.), vernacular abbreviations of words (ad, exam, vac, etc.),
symbols like &, %, etc., figures (e. one thousand. There were seven mistakes in
your work) should non exist used.
(c) Orderly grammatical structure.The ideas are arranged in a
logical sequence, in measured syntactical structures. Paragraphs
are more fully developed than in breezy style.
(d) Impersonal treatment of the subject matter.The author usually
tries to avoid the beginning person atypical; sometimes information technology results in
wider use of the passive voice.
Vocabulary
As we have seen, choice of words is very important from the stylistic point of view. "Proper words in proper places", to utilise Swift's phrase, is the principle to follow. For a foreign learner this presents at least 2 issues: (i) how to build up a vocabulary big enough to cull from, and (2) how to choose the right word, that is, what are the criteria of choice. Extensive reading is the answer to both bug. By reading a wide multifariousness of authors and various types of writing you tin can build up your vocabulary and acquire the necessary skill in the proper use of words, phrases and idioms. Consciously or subconsciously, while reading, you develop an ear for what is right and what is incorrect.
Some other indispensable aid is dictionaries and reference books. Russian-English dictionaries are not enough; the student should develop the habit of checking usage with the aid of English language dictionaries, such as The Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary of Electric current English, Collins COBUILD English language Language Dictionary, The Curtailed Oxford Dictionary (COD) and others. These dictionaries give definitions and peculiarities of usage in English.
Also dictionaries in that location is a neat variety of reference books where one tin can notice information on synonyms, antonyms, idioms, proverbs, literary quotations and so on.
The recommendations which follow, together with dictionaries and reference books, will help the educatee to improve his/her mode in writing.
1. Employ concrete words.A "general" give-and-take expresses a general notion which may be fabricated more specific. Thus for example walk is a general discussion for the post-obit sequence of specific verbs: stroll, stagger, stride, shuffle, trot, plod, etc. Each verb in this sequence denotes a specific mode of walking. In writing, whenever possible, use a specific word, as it gives a clearer idea of what you want to say. Specific, concrete words
are picture-making words, they are more than likely to touch the reader'southward imagination, whereas full general words are unremarkably neutral. Thus, for example, the judgement The homo was attacked with a deadly weapon sounds ineffectual, as it contains two general words. A much more brilliant picture is given by the following combinations: stabbed with a knife; shot dead, slashed with a razor bract.
When choosing a verb, ane should remember that verbs in constant use, such as be, go, feel, have, become, etc., have lost much of their ability and are apt to weaken one'south style, especially in descriptive and narrative passages. A composition can be considerably improved by replacing overworked verbs with more forceful ones. Hither are some examples:
Weak Strong
a. Blackness smoke was coming out Black smoke belched out of the rear of the
of the rear of the engine. engine.
b. Flames were reaching the pet- Flames licked the petrol tanks,
rol tanks.
Students with a limited vocabulary often use a combination of a neutral general verb with a qualifying adverb where a single specific verb would have been more effective:
eastward. g. He ran quickly. He rushed/dashed.
She was breathing heavily. She was panting.
ii. Avoid overused adjectives and adverbs.Overused, and therefore,
weak adverbs and adjectives such every bit very,pretty, rather, little, skilful, nice,
difficult impair your style. Compare the post-obit examples:
The book is bad. The book is boring/desperately written.
What a good design! What a clever/ingenious design!
3. Do not mix different degrees of formality.Ane of the grave
mistakes which students are apt to make consists in using colloquial or
even slangy expressions in neutral-formal fashion equally in the following:
a) The Chiffonier meets for a few hours twice a week during parliamentary
sittings, and a flake less often when Parliament is not sitting. (Neutral
rather should exist used.)
b) It is the duty of the Prime Minister to go along an eye on the departments.
(Formal supervise would be more than appropriate.)
Slang is defined in the COD as "words and phrases in common colloquial apply", merely more often than not considered in some or all of their senses to be outside of standard English language. As such information technology is usually inappropriate in formal writing. 1 can occasionally use it with a special purpose, for example in a speech portrayal of a character, but this should exist done with dandy discreation. The treacherous affair about slang is that it changes with time and circumstances, each period and group of people having its own slang, so that it is quite easy to make the mistake of using it anachronistically.
For example it would be inappropriate, writing an essay on Tom Jones, to use the slang of today, and doubly inappropriate to use the slang of Jim Holden, because information technology is American.
Students who take learnt to avoid using slang in serious writing may get to the other extreme and experience that a simple and directly style is not proficient enough for important ideas. They may tend to use stilted, bookish words and phrases, e. g.
a) He told me what to do and I accomplished the operation (instead of
the simple and direct / did it).
b) She had taken information technology for granted that I would give assent to her project
(instead of agree. Cf. The queen has to requite her assent to bills before they
tin can become constabulary, where 'give assent' is appropriate).
Alan Warner in his volume A Short Guide to English Style, notes the electric current tendency in English writing to explicate fifty-fifty difficult subjects in с 1 e a r and simple language.
4. Utilize idioms with care.Idioms, in nigh cases, are peculiar to a given
language; it is therefore non an like shooting fish in a barrel thing for a foreign learner to use
them. The student should be aware of the fact that it is only very
occasionally that the Russian and English usage coincides completely, every bit
in to read between the lines — "читать между строк". In other cases the
images involved may be the same just they are expressed with a slight
variation, e. g. not to lift a finger — "пальцем не пошевелить"; bandage an
evil eye {on) — "сглазить". In the bulk of cases, nevertheless, the same
general idea is expressed in different images, as in ifs a rock'south throw
away and "рукой подать". Some idiomatic expressions of one linguistic communication
have no idiomatic equivalents in the other, eastward. 1000. to take the rough with the
smooth — "одинаково стойко переносить и хорошее, и плохое" on the
i paw, and "не имей сто рублей, а имей сто друзей" on the other.
Bearing all this in listen, i should never endeavor to translate mechanically Russian idioms into English language, simply rather find an English language equivalent, if whatever. Thus it would be wrong to translate the Russian "он работает как вол" literally, because the respective English expression is: He works similar a horse.
Idioms, like words, differ in their stylistic value: some of them are colloquial, others slangy, or even vulgar, and therefore inappropriate in formal writing. The stylistic role of idioms is to make writing more expressive, emphatic and vivid, and, frequently, more concise. Brevity is achieved because idiom is a kind of code known to everybody, so that even a modified idiom evokes the whole state of affairs, as in the post-obit example: He counted his chickens too shortly. The meaning is clear to those who know the proverb Never count your chickens before they are hatched. Idioms should exist used like a pinch of table salt, or a sprinkle of pepper — overdo it and the whole volition be spoilt.
5. Make wider use of verbs with postpositives.Another style of
making your writing more idiomatic and up-to-date is using verbs with
postpositives, such as to requite in, to turn up, etc. instead of one-discussion verbs
surrender, appear. They used to vest to the spoken informal variety of English language, simply with the wider employ of them in newspaper language many of them have become an accepted feature of the written linguistic communication as well. Without them writing does not sound natural plenty, and at that place is a trend nowadays to utilise them more freely even in formal way, eastward. g.
a) The march was chosen (^(cancelled).
b) The proposal was turned downwards (rejected).
Nouns derived from the verbs with postpositives are becoming increasingly widespread in English writing, partly nether the influence of newspaper usage. Hither are a few examples of the virtually mutual of them:
interruption-down— collapse
break-through— major achievement
drop-out— a person who drops out of social club; those who do not stop their course of instruction (due east. g. University drop-outs)
flare-up— outbreak of hostility
flash-dorsum— return to an earlier menstruum (in films, novels)
set-back— impediment, check to progress or development
take-over— swallowing up of one visitor by another.
6. Avoid cliches."A cliche is an outworn commonplace; a phrase that
has become and so hackneyed that scrupulous speakers and writers shrink from
information technology because they feel that its use is an insult to the intelligence of their
auditor or audience." (Eric Partridge, in A Dictionary of Cliches)
Cliches range from high-flown phrases {explore every artery) to quotations {of the two evils cull the least, Erasmus of Rotterdam), metaphors {the arms of Morpheus), idioms {It's raining cats and dogs), set phrases {last just non to the lowest degree). Some English cliches have their counterparts in Russian. If you avoid using such Russian cliches as "лучше поздно, чем никогда", "в один прекрасный день", "усталые, но довольные", there is no reason to believe that their English equivalents — ameliorate late than never; 1 fine 24-hour interval; tired but happy — sound any amend. Your ear for Russian cliches should, to a sure degree, assistance you to recognize some of the English ones; yous may also consult the above-mentioned dictionary by Eric Partridge.
The utilize of a platitude may sometimes be justified if it is appropriate as regards its stylistic value and the context, and if used very occasionally; a piling-up of cliches is absolutely inadmissible.
7. Be conscientious with Americanisms.The influx of Americanisms has
become extremely pronounced in the twentieth century with the advent of
radio, picture palace, television and the general broadening of international ties.
To a British ear, they at showtime are felt as conflicting intruders, by and large slangy, at
best colloquial, and seemingly quite unnecessary, because oft there is a
British analogue of the aforementioned or nearly the aforementioned meaning. Young people
and journalists contribute to the spreading and final adoption of
Americanisms. Many of them show quite useful, and, with time, become
household words, part of standard English language, and equally such can be safely used
in formal writing in any multifariousness of English (see the list below; examples
have been chosen from The Irresolute English Language past Brian Foster).
crash(collapse)
fan(curt for fanatic)
gimmick(a device for attracting publicity)
Hitch-hike
home boondocks(native town; a useful addition to the British vocabulary
since native town is slightly stilted, at least in conversation) quiz(a competition to exam the knowledge of the participants; a
popular radio and television programme)
Radio
American words which have non become accepted loan-words in other varieties of English language should be avoided when writing in what is intended to be British English (such words as fall for autumn, sidewalk, beloved (as an address to a woman), possibly, phoney (coll.); and others you may happen to know). A mixture of British and American English makes the same impression equally, say, a mixture of Russian and Ukranian.
viii. Avoid unnecessary words.Adept writing implies avoiding unnecessary words. Here is a piece of sound communication from E. B. White: "A sentence should contain no unnecessary words, a paragraph no unnecessary sentences. This requires not that the writer brand all the sentences brusque or that he avoid all detail and treat his subject only in outline, but that every word should tell." Compare the post-obit examples: (1) Whenever anyone chosen for someone to help him to practise something, Jim was always the kickoff to volunteer and lend his help for the cause. (2) Whenever anyone asked for help, Jim was always the commencement to volunteer. The first sentence is wordy and muddled, the second concise and clear. The 2nd variant is also more forceful.
Wordiness means the use of more words than one actually needs to limited one's idea. Certain words such as fact, cistron, characteristic, field, case, character, nature, etc. are especially driveling by the lovers of wordiness. Consider the post-obit examples:
Concise since; because though, although I was unaware I did not know his failure in ad hostile acts mistakes have been rare after a while; soon
Wordy
owing to the fact that
in spite of the fact that
I was unaware of the fact that
the fact that he did not succeed in the field of advertising acts of a hostile nature it has rarely been the example that any mistakes have been made after a short period of time
Here is a list of some phrases in common use which should generally be avoided, as they are wordy. Their concise equivalents are given on the right.
the question whether there is no doubt thathe is a human who this is a bailiwick that his story is a foreign 1
whether
no doubt/doubtless that
he
this subject area j his story is strange \ his is a strange story (more than literary and emphatic)
Quite often a give-and-take of classical origin (Latin or Greek) helps us to avoid wordiness, for it expresses in ane word what would need a phrase or even a clause in native English, e. g. ephemeral changes —■ unable to be seen or perceived; provocative arguments — intentionally irritating or designed to produce a strong reaction.
Tautology,i. e. repetition of words and phrases synonymous or close in significant, should also be avoided. Consider the following examples of tautology. In each sentence either 1 or 2 should take been left out every bit redundant.
i 2
The surface seemed at-home and placid.
1 2
I happened to meet her by chance at the theatre. (I met her by chance...)
1 2
That should leave me with twenty pounds left. (I should have 20
pounds left.)
9. Avoid unintentional alliteration.Alliteration, or repetition of similar sounds in two or more words, is an accepted device in poetry, and, less oftentimes, in prose. Unintentional alliteration in prose, all the same, jars on your ear, distracting your attention from the meaning of the words. Consider the following examples of unwanted ingemination:
He was a near mannerly chap. Hither a grave grief attacked her.
EXERCISES
Exercise 1. Supersede the italicized verb with one of the verbs in brackets and explain the pregnant of the verb you have chosen. Justify your choice by extending the context. (In this exercise at that place is no single right choice for any sentence.)
A. one. He was writing something on a scrap of newspaper, {doodle, scrawl, scribble) 2. It was John who made me do it. {forcefulness, inspire, prompt, persuade, tempt) 3. We put the heavy sack onto the truck, {toss, lift, hurl, throw) four. He got on the horse, {scramble, leap, jump, climb) 5. He drank it
iv Уол
chop-chop, {gulp, swallow) 6. Without opening her optics she tried to find her watch, {fumble, grope, search for)
B. 1. The patient was lying manifestly unconscious and breathing with difficulty, {gasp, pant, wheeze, puff) 2. They want very much to encounter their beloved son again, {long, crave, yearn) 3. She was upset when she spilled the pigment on her new dress, {groan, sigh, grimace, scream) four. When the lights went out, the child became afraid, {gasp, shake, tremble, freeze) five. The Babe Room at our school was full of toys such as I had never seen before, {packed, stuffed with)
Exercise 2. Study the following examples and pick out expressions connected with the general notion given at the caput of А, В, С Use these expressions in examples of your ain.
A. mood
ane. There was no dubiousness nearly information technology, the S was getting u.s. downwards. two. We felt too proficient to exist depressed over the loss of the coin. three.i was getting desperate without you. 4. When I terminal saw George he was in very low spirits. 5. Tom was invariably in high spirits. 6. His eyes were bright, he looked elated.
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